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可视化编程软件有哪些好的推荐?
python了解一下
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目录准备工作一、关联(Correlation)关系图1、散点图(Scatter plot)2、边界气泡图(Bubble plot with Encircling)3、散点图添加趋势线(Scatter plot with linear regression line of best fit)4、分面散点图添加趋势线(Each regression line in its own column)5、抖动图(Jittering with stripplot)6、计数图(Counts Plot)7、边缘直方图(Marginal Histogram)8、边缘箱图(Marginal Boxplot)9、相关性热图(Correllogram)10、矩阵图 (Pairwise Plot)二、偏差 (Deviation)关系图11、发散型柱形图 (Diverging Bars)12、发散型文本图(Diverging Texts)-水平方向13、发散型文本图(Diverging Texts)-垂直方向14、发散型点图(Diverging Dot Plot)15、带Marker的发散型棒棒糖图 (Diverging Lollipop Chart with Markers)16、面积图(Area Chart)三、排序 (Ranking)关系图17、排序柱形图(Ordered Bar Chart)18、棒棒糖图(Lollipop Chart)19、点图 (Dot Plot)20、坡图(Slope Chart)21、哑铃图(Dumbbell Plot)四、分布(Distribution)关系图21、连续变量堆积直方图(Stacked Histogram for Continuous Variable)22、类别变量堆积直方图(Stacked Histogram for Categorical Variable)23、密度图(Density Plot)24、带直方图的密度图(Density Curves with Histogram)25、山峰叠峦图(Joy Plot)26、分布点图(Distributed Dot Plot)27、箱图(boxplot)28、箱图结合点图(Dot + Box Plot)29、小提琴图(Violin Plot)30、金字塔图(Population Pyramid)31、分类图(Categorical Plots)五、组成(Composition)关系图32、华夫饼图(Waffle Chart)33、饼图(Pie Chart)34、树状图(Treemap)35、柱状图(Bar Chart)六、变化(Change)关系图36、时间序列图(Time Series Plot)37、波峰和波谷添加注释的时间序列图(Time Series with Peaks and Troughs Annotated)38、自相关和部分自相关图(Autocorrelation (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation (PACF) Plot)39、交叉相关图(Cross Correlation plot)40、时间序列分解图(Time Series Decomposition Plot)41、多重时间序列图(Multiple Time Series)42、双坐标系时间序列图(Plotting with different scales using secondary Y axis)43、带误差阴影的时间序列图(Time Series with Error Bands)44、堆积面积图(Stacked Area Chart)45、非堆积面积图(Area Chart UnStacked)46、日历热力图(Calendar Heat Map)47、季节图(Seasonal Plot)七、分组( Groups)关系图48、聚类树形图(Dendrogram)49、聚类图(Cluster Plot)50、安德鲁斯曲线(Andrews Curve)51、平行坐标图(Parallel Coordinates)
准备工作主要是导入绘图模块,设置绘图风格。
import numpy as npimport pandas as pdimport matplotlib as mplimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport seaborn as snsimport warningswarnings.filterwarnings(action='once')plt.style.use('seaborn-whitegrid')sns.set_style("whitegrid")print(mpl.__version__)print(sns.__version__)
34、树状图(Treemap)类似饼图的效果,面积大小反应变量大小。
!pip install squarify#安装依赖包import squarify# Import Datadf_raw = pd.read_csv("./datasets/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Prepare Datadf = df_raw.groupby('class').size().reset_index(name='counts')labels = df.apply(lambda x: str(x[0]) + "\n (" + str(x[1]) + ")", axis=1)sizes = df['counts'].values.tolist()colors = [plt.cm.Set2(i / float(len(labels))) for i in range(len(labels))]# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(10, 8), dpi=100)squarify.plot(sizes=sizes, label=labels, color=colors, alpha=.8)# Decorateplt.title('Treemap of Vechile Class')plt.axis('off')plt.show()
35、柱状图(Bar Chart)柱子高度表示变量大小。
import random# Import Datadf_raw = pd.read_csv("./datasets/mpg_ggplot2.csv")# Prepare Datadf = df_raw.groupby('manufacturer').size().reset_index(name='counts')n = df['manufacturer'].unique().__len__() + 1all_colors = list(plt.cm.colors.cnames.keys())random.seed(100)c = random.choices(all_colors, k=n)# Plot Barsplt.figure(figsize=(12, 8), dpi=80)plt.bar(df['manufacturer'], df['counts'], color=c, width=.5)for i, val in enumerate(df['counts'].values):plt.text(i,val,float(val),horizontalalignment='center',verticalalignment='bottom',fontdict={'fontweight': 500,'size': 12})# Decorationplt.gca().set_xticklabels(df['manufacturer'],rotation=60,horizontalalignment='right')plt.title("Number of Vehicles by Manaufacturers", fontsize=18)plt.ylabel('# Vehicles')plt.ylim(0, 45)plt.show()
更多关于柱状图:
「Python可视化|matplotlib12-垂直|水平|堆积条形图详解」六、变化(Change)关系图36、时间序列图(Time Series Plot)¶该图展示给定指标随时间的变化趋势。
# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/AirPassengers.csv')# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(12, 8), dpi=80)plt.plot(df['date'], df['value'], color='#dc2624')# Decorationplt.ylim(50, 750)xtick_location = df.index.tolist()[::12]xtick_labels = [x[-4:] for x in df.date.tolist()[::12]]plt.xticks(ticks=xtick_location,labels=xtick_labels,rotation=0,fontsize=12,horizontalalignment='center',alpha=.7)plt.yticks(fontsize=12, alpha=.7)plt.title("Air Passengers Traffic (1949 - 1969)", fontsize=18)plt.grid(axis='both', alpha=.3)# Remove bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0.0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(0.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0.0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(0.3)plt.show()
37、波峰和波谷添加注释的时间序列图(Time Series with Peaks and Troughs Annotated)# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/AirPassengers.csv')# Get the Peaks and Troughsdata = df['value'].valuesdoublediff = np.diff(np.sign(np.diff(data)))peak_locations = np.where(doublediff == -2)[0] + 1doublediff2 = np.diff(np.sign(np.diff(-1 * data)))trough_locations = np.where(doublediff2 == -2)[0] + 1# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(12, 8), dpi=80)plt.plot('date', 'value', data=df, color='tab:blue', label='Air Traffic')plt.scatter(df.date[peak_locations],df.value[peak_locations],marker=mpl.markers.CARETUPBASE,color='tab:green',s=100,label='Peaks')plt.scatter(df.date[trough_locations],df.value[trough_locations],marker=mpl.markers.CARETDOWNBASE,color='tab:red',s=100,label='Troughs')# Annotatefor t, p in zip(trough_locations[1::5], peak_locations[::3]):plt.text(df.date[p],df.value[p] + 15,df.date[p],horizontalalignment='center',color='darkgreen')plt.text(df.date[t],df.value[t] - 35,df.date[t],horizontalalignment='center',color='darkred')# Decorationplt.ylim(50, 750)xtick_location = df.index.tolist()[::6]xtick_labels = df.date.tolist()[::6]plt.xticks(ticks=xtick_location,labels=xtick_labels,rotation=45,fontsize=12,alpha=.7)plt.title("Peak and Troughs of Air Passengers Traffic (1949 - 1969)",fontsize=18)plt.yticks(fontsize=12, alpha=.7)# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(.0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(.0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)plt.legend(loc='upper left')plt.grid(axis='y', alpha=.3)plt.show()
38、自相关和部分自相关图(Autocorrelation (ACF) and Partial Autocorrelation (PACF) Plot)自相关,展示时间序列与其自身滞后的相关性。部分自相关,展示任何给定滞后相对于当前序列的自相关。
from statsmodels.graphics.tsaplots import plot_acf, plot_pacf# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/AirPassengers.csv')# Draw Plotfig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 6), dpi=80)plot_acf(df.value.tolist(), ax=ax1, lags=50)plot_pacf(df.value.tolist(), ax=ax2, lags=20)# Decorate# lighten the bordersax1.spines["top"].set_alpha(.3)ax2.spines["top"].set_alpha(.3)ax1.spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)ax2.spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)ax1.spines["right"].set_alpha(.3)ax2.spines["right"].set_alpha(.3)ax1.spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)ax2.spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)# font size of tick labelsax1.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=12)ax2.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=12)plt.show()
39、交叉相关图(Cross Correlation plot)展示两个时间序列相互之间的滞后。
import statsmodels.tsa.stattools as stattools# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/mortality.csv')x = df['mdeaths']y = df['fdeaths']# Compute Cross Correlationsccs = stattools.ccf(x, y)[:100]nlags = len(ccs)# Compute the Significance level# ref: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/3115/cross-correlation-significance-in-r/3128#3128conf_level = 2 / np.sqrt(nlags)# Draw Plotplt.figure(figsize=(12, 7), dpi=80)plt.hlines(0, xmin=0, xmax=100, color='gray') # 0 axisplt.hlines(conf_level, xmin=0, xmax=100, color='gray')plt.hlines(-conf_level, xmin=0, xmax=100, color='gray')plt.bar(x=np.arange(len(ccs)), height=ccs, width=.3)# Decorationplt.title('$Cross\; Correlation\; Plot:\; mdeaths\; vs\; fdeaths,fontsize=18)plt.xlim(0, len(ccs))plt.show()
40、时间序列分解图(Time Series Decomposition Plot)¶该图将时间序列分解为趋势、季节和残差分量(trend, seasonal and residual components.)。
from statsmodels.tsa.seasonal import seasonal_decomposefrom dateutil.parser import parse# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/AirPassengers.csv')dates = pd.DatetimeIndex([parse(d).strftime('%Y-%m-01') for d in df['date']])df.set_index(dates, inplace=True)# Decomposeresult = seasonal_decompose(df['value'], model='multiplicative')# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(12, 7), dpi=80)#plt.rcParams.update({'figure.figsize': (10, 10)})result.plot().suptitle('Time Series Decomposition of Air Passengers')plt.show()
41、多重时间序列图(Multiple Time Series)# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/mortality.csv')# Define the upper limit, lower limit, interval of Y axis and colorsy_LL = 100y_UL = int(df.iloc[:, 1:].max().max() * 1.1)y_interval = 400mycolors = ['tab:red', 'tab:blue', 'tab:green', 'tab:orange']# Draw Plot and Annotatefig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(10, 6), dpi=80)columns = df.columns[1:]for i, column in enumerate(columns):plt.plot(df.date.values, df[column].values, lw=1.5, color=mycolors[i])plt.text(df.shape[0] + 1,df[column].values[-1],column,fontsize=14,color=mycolors[i])# Draw Tick linesfor y in range(y_LL, y_UL, y_interval):plt.hlines(y,xmin=0,xmax=71,colors='black',alpha=0.3,linestyles="--",lw=0.5)# Decorationsplt.tick_params(axis="both",which="both",bottom=False,top=False,labelbottom=True,left=False,right=False,labelleft=True)# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)plt.title('Number of Deaths from Lung Diseases in the UK (1974-1979)',fontsize=18)plt.yticks(range(y_LL, y_UL, y_interval),[str(y) for y in range(y_LL, y_UL, y_interval)],fontsize=12)plt.xticks(range(0, df.shape[0], 12),df.date.values[::12],horizontalalignment='left',rotation=45,fontsize=12)plt.ylim(y_LL, y_UL)plt.xlim(-2, 80)plt.show()
42、双坐标系时间序列图(Plotting with different scales using secondary Y axis)# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("./datasets/economics.csv")x = df['date']y1 = df['psavert']y2 = df['unemploy']# Plot Line1 (Left Y Axis)fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 6), dpi=100)ax1.plot(x, y1, color='tab:red')# Plot Line2 (Right Y Axis)ax2 = ax1.twinx() # instantiate a second axes that shares the same x-axisax2.plot(x, y2, color='tab:blue')# Decorations# ax1 (left Y axis)ax1.set_xlabel('Year', fontsize=18)ax1.tick_params(axis='x', rotation=70, labelsize=12)ax1.set_ylabel('Personal Savings Rate', color='#dc2624', fontsize=16)ax1.tick_params(axis='y', rotation=0, labelcolor='#dc2624')ax1.grid(alpha=.4)# ax2 (right Y axis)ax2.set_ylabel("# Unemployed (1000's)", color='#01a2d9', fontsize=16)ax2.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor='#01a2d9')ax2.set_xticks(np.arange(0, len(x), 60))ax2.set_xticklabels(x[::60], rotation=90, fontdict={'fontsize': 10})ax2.set_title("Personal Savings Rate vs Unemployed: Plotting in Secondary Y Axis",fontsize=18)fig.tight_layout()plt.show()
43、带误差阴影的时间序列图(Time Series with Error Bands)from dateutil.parser import parsefrom scipy.stats import sem# Import Datadf_raw = pd.read_csv('./datasets/orders_45d.csv',parse_dates=['purchase_time', 'purchase_date'])# Prepare Data: Daily Mean and SE Bandsdf_mean = df_raw.groupby('purchase_date').quantity.mean()df_se = df_raw.groupby('purchase_date').quantity.apply(sem).mul(1.96)# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(10, 6), dpi=80)plt.ylabel("# Daily Orders", fontsize=12)x = [d.date().strftime('%Y-%m-%d') for d in df_mean.index]plt.plot(x, df_mean, color="#c72e29", lw=2)plt.fill_between(x, df_mean - df_se, df_mean + df_se, color="#f8f2e4")# Decorations# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(1)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(1)plt.xticks(x[::6], [str(d) for d in x[::6]], fontsize=12)plt.title("Daily Order Quantity of Brazilian Retail with Error Bands (95% confidence)",fontsize=14)# Axis limitss, e = plt.gca().get_xlim()plt.xlim(s, e - 2)plt.ylim(4, 10)# Draw Horizontal Tick linesfor y in range(5, 10, 1):plt.hlines(y,xmin=s,xmax=e,colors='black',alpha=0.5,linestyles="--",lw=0.5)plt.show()
44、堆积面积图(Stacked Area Chart)# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/nightvisitors.csv')# Decide Colors mycolors = ['#dc2624', '#2b4750', '#45a0a2', '#e87a59', '#7dcaa9', '#649E7D', '#dc8018', '#C89F91'] # Draw Plot and Annotatefig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(12, 8), dpi= 80)columns = df.columns[1:]labs = columns.values.tolist()# Prepare datax = df['yearmon'].values.tolist()y0 = df[columns[0]].values.tolist()y1 = df[columns[1]].values.tolist()y2 = df[columns[2]].values.tolist()y3 = df[columns[3]].values.tolist()y4 = df[columns[4]].values.tolist()y5 = df[columns[5]].values.tolist()y6 = df[columns[6]].values.tolist()y7 = df[columns[7]].values.tolist()y = np.vstack([y0, y2, y4, y6, y7, y5, y1, y3])# Plot for each columnlabs = columns.values.tolist()ax = plt.gca()ax.stackplot(x, y, labels=labs, colors=mycolors, alpha=0.8)ax.tick_params(axis='x', rotation=45, labelsize=12)# Decorationsax.set_title('Night Visitors in Australian Regions', fontsize=18)ax.set(ylim=[0, 100000])ax.legend(fontsize=10, ncol=4)plt.xticks(x[::5], fontsize=10, horizontalalignment='center')plt.yticks(np.arange(10000, 100000, 20000), fontsize=10)plt.xlim(x[0], x[-1])# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)plt.show()
45、非堆积面积图(Area Chart UnStacked)# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv("./datasets/economics.csv")# Prepare Datax = df['date'].values.tolist()y1 = df['psavert'].values.tolist()y2 = df['uempmed'].values.tolist()columns = ['psavert', 'uempmed']# Draw Plotfig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(12, 6), dpi=80)ax.fill_between(x,y1=y1,y2=0,label=columns[1],alpha=0.5,color='#dc2624',linewidth=2)ax.fill_between(x,y1=y2,y2=0,label=columns[0],alpha=0.5,color='#649E7D',linewidth=2)# Decorationsax.set_title('Personal Savings Rate vs Median Duration of Unemployment',fontsize=18)ax.set(ylim=[0, 30])ax.legend(loc='best', fontsize=12)plt.xticks(x[::50], fontsize=10, horizontalalignment='center')plt.yticks(np.arange(2.5, 30.0, 2.5), fontsize=10)plt.xlim(-10, x[-1])plt.tick_params(axis='x', rotation=45, labelsize=12)# Draw Tick linesfor y in np.arange(2.5, 30.0, 2.5):plt.hlines(y,xmin=0,xmax=len(x),colors='black',alpha=0.3,linestyles="--",lw=0.5)# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)plt.show()
46、日历热力图(Calendar Heat Map)很好地展示数据在假日的趋势。
!pip install calmap -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple#安装依赖包import numpy as npnp.random.seed(sum(map(ord, 'calmap')))import pandas as pdimport calmapcalmap.calendarplot(events,monthticks=3,daylabels='MTWTFSS',dayticks=[0, 2, 4, 6],cmap='YlGn',fillcolor='grey',linewidth=0,fig_kws=dict(figsize=(8, 4)))
47、季节图(Seasonal Plot)该图比较某个指标在不同年份同一天/年/月/周等的时间序列的表现。
from dateutil.parser import parse# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/AirPassengers.csv')# Prepare datadf['year'] = [parse(d).year for d in df.date]df['month'] = [parse(d).strftime('%b') for d in df.date]years = df['year'].unique()# Draw Plotmycolors = ['#dc2624', '#2b4750', '#45a0a2', '#e87a59', '#7dcaa9', '#649E7D','#dc8018', '#C89F91', '#6c6d6c', '#4f6268', '#c7cccf', 'firebrick']plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6), dpi=80)for i, y in enumerate(years):plt.plot('month','value',data=df.loc[df.year == y, :],color=mycolors[i],label=y)plt.text(df.loc[df.year == y, :].shape[0] - .9,df.loc[df.year == y, 'value'][-1:].values[0],y,fontsize=12,color=mycolors[i])# Decorationplt.ylim(50, 750)plt.xlim(-0.3, 11)plt.ylabel('$Air Traffic)plt.yticks(fontsize=11, alpha=.7)plt.xticks(fontsize=11, alpha=.7)plt.title("Monthly Seasonal Plot: Air Passengers Traffic (1949 - 1969)",fontsize=16)plt.grid(axis='y', alpha=.3)# Remove bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0.0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(0.5)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0.0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(0.5)# plt.legend(loc='upper right', ncol=2, fontsize=12)plt.show()
七、分组( Groups)关系图48、聚类树形图(Dendrogram)展示通过聚类形成的组内及组间相似性水平。
import scipy.cluster.hierarchy as shc# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/USArrests.csv')# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(12, 8), dpi=80)plt.title("USArrests Dendograms", fontsize=18)dend = shc.dendrogram(shc.linkage(df[['Murder', 'Assault', 'UrbanPop','Rape']],method='ward'),labels=df.State.values,color_threshold=200)plt.xticks(fontsize=12)plt.yticks(fontsize=12)plt.show()
49、聚类图(Cluster Plot)通过聚类计算距离,将同一类圈起来。
from sklearn.cluster import AgglomerativeClusteringfrom scipy.spatial import ConvexHull# Import Datadf = pd.read_csv('./datasets/USArrests.csv')# Agglomerative Clusteringcluster = AgglomerativeClustering(n_clusters=5,affinity='euclidean',linkage='ward')cluster.fit_predict(df[['Murder', 'Assault', 'UrbanPop', 'Rape']])# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(12, 8), dpi=80)plt.scatter(df.iloc[:, 0], df.iloc[:, 1], c=cluster.labels_, cmap='tab10')# Encircledef encircle(x, y, ax=None, **kw):if not ax: ax = plt.gca()p = np.c_[x, y]hull = ConvexHull(p)poly = plt.Polygon(p[hull.vertices, :], **kw)ax.add_patch(poly)# Draw polygon surrounding verticesencircle(df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 0, 'Murder'],df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 0, 'Assault'],ec="k",fc="#dc2624",linewidth=0)encircle(df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 1, 'Murder'],df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 1, 'Assault'],ec="k",fc="#2b4750",linewidth=0)encircle(df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 2, 'Murder'],df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 2, 'Assault'],ec="k",fc="#649E7D",linewidth=0)encircle(df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 3, 'Murder'],df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 3, 'Assault'],ec="k",fc="#C89F91",linewidth=0)encircle(df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 4, 'Murder'],df.loc[cluster.labels_ == 4, 'Assault'],ec="k",fc="#c7cccf",linewidth=0)# Decorationsplt.xlabel('Murder')plt.xticks(fontsize=12)plt.ylabel('Assault')plt.yticks(fontsize=12)plt.title('Agglomerative Clustering of USArrests (5 Groups)', fontsize=18)plt.show()
50、安德鲁斯曲线(Andrews Curve)展示是否存在基于给定分组的特征的固有分组。例如下图,如果数据集中的列不能帮助区分组(cyl),则行将不会被很好地分隔开。
from pandas.plotting import andrews_curves# Importdf = pd.read_csv("./datasets/mtcars.csv")df.drop(['cars', 'carname'], axis=1, inplace=True)# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(10, 6), dpi=80)andrews_curves(df, 'cyl', colormap='Set2_r')# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)plt.title('Andrews Curves of mtcars', fontsize=18)plt.xlim(-3, 3)plt.grid(alpha=0.3)plt.xticks(fontsize=12)plt.yticks(fontsize=12)plt.show()
51、平行坐标图(Parallel Coordinates)展示某个特征是否有助于分组。如果一个特征隔离,分组受到影响,则该特征对该分组非常必要。
from pandas.plotting import parallel_coordinates# Import Datadf_final = pd.read_csv("./datasets/diamonds_filter.csv")# Plotplt.figure(figsize=(11, 7), dpi=80)parallel_coordinates(df_final, 'cut', colormap='Set2_r')# Lighten bordersplt.gca().spines["top"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["bottom"].set_alpha(.3)plt.gca().spines["right"].set_alpha(0)plt.gca().spines["left"].set_alpha(.3)plt.title('Parallel Coordinated of Diamonds', fontsize=18)plt.grid(alpha=0.3)plt.xticks(fontsize=12)plt.yticks(fontsize=12)plt.show()
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j代表的文献类型?
M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著)
C——论文集
N——报纸文章
J——期刊文章
D——学位论文
R——研究报告
S——标准
P——专利
A——专著、论文集中的析出文献
Z——其他未说明的文献类型
电子文献类型以双字母作为标识:
DB——数据库
CP——计算机程序
EB——电子公告
非纸张型载体电子文献,在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型:
DB/OL——联机网上的数据库
DB/MT——磁带数据库
M/CD——光盘图书
CP/DK——磁盘软件
J/OL——网上期刊
EB/OL——网上电子公告
一、参考文献著录格式
1 、期刊作者.题名〔J〕.刊名,出版年,卷(期)∶起止页码
2、 专著作者.书名〔M〕.版本(第一版不著录).出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码
3、 论文集作者.题名〔C〕.编者.论文集名,出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码
4 、学位论文作者.题名〔D〕.保存地点.保存单位.年份
5 、专利文献题名〔P〕.国别.专利文献种类.专利号.出版日期
6、 标准编号.标准名称〔S〕
7、 报纸作者.题名〔N〕.报纸名.出版日期(版次)
8 、报告作者.题名〔R〕.保存地点.年份
9 、电子文献作者.题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕.文献出处,日期
二、文献类型及其标识
1、根据GB3469 规定,各类常用文献标识如下:
①期刊〔J〕
②专著〔M〕
③论文集〔C〕
④学位论文〔D〕
⑤专利〔P〕
⑥标准〔S〕
⑦报纸〔N〕
⑧技术报告〔R〕
2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识,具体如下:
①磁带〔MT〕
②磁盘〔DK〕
③光盘〔CD〕
④联机网络〔OL〕
3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为:〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如:
①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕
②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕
③光盘图书〔M/CD〕
④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕
⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕
⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕
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